Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf

WebAdmin/Upload/NEWS.UPLOAD_IMAGEnew.5ea7eb6e-43d3-44ca-ba8d-0c76e779af3e.jpg' alt='Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf' title='Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf' />Greenhouse gas Wikipedia. A greenhouse gas abbrev. GHG is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. GHGs can also be classified into two different types forcing GHGs and feedback GHGs. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earths surface would be about 1. C 0 F,3 rather than the present average of 1. C 5. 9 F. 456 In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect. Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution taken as sometime between the years 1. This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural sinks involved in the carbon cycle. The vast majority of Anthropogenic carbon dioxide CO2 emissions i. It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate, Earths surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2. The Robert Bosch Foundation Fellowship Program is a distinguished transatlantic initiative that offers a select cohort of accomplished Americans the opportunity to. SH1-07_en_aktuell.pdf-0-wat.png' alt='Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf' title='Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf' />Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 C global warming, which the United Nations IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid dangerous global warming, by 2. Gases in Earths atmosphereeditGreenhouse gaseseditGreenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth. In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere are Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between sources emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems and sinks the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound. The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the airborne fraction AF. The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that years total emissions. As of 2. 00. 6 the annual airborne fraction for CO2 was about 0. The annual airborne fraction increased at a rate of 0. Non greenhouse gaseseditThe major atmospheric constituents, nitrogen N2, oxygen O2, and argon Ar, are not greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms of the same element such as N2 and O2 and monatomic molecules such as argon Ar have no net change in the distribution of their electrical charges when they vibrate. Hence they are almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation. Although molecules containing two atoms of different elements such as carbon monoxide CO or hydrogen chloride HCl absorb infrared radiation, these molecules are short lived in the atmosphere owing to their reactivity and solubility. Aft S Tardis. Therefore, they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases. Indirect radiative effectsedit. The false colors in this image represent concentrations of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere, ranging from about 3. Some gases have indirect radiative effects whether or not they are greenhouse gases themselves. This happens in two main ways. One way is that when they break down in the atmosphere they produce another greenhouse gas. For example, methane and carbon monoxide CO are oxidized to give carbon dioxide and methane oxidation also produces water vapor, as discussed later. Oxidation of CO to CO2 directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle. The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earths surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO2 1. On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths 4. Earths surface is at least a factor of ten lower. Subscribe and SAVE, give a gift subscription or get help with an existing subscription by clicking the links below each cover image. A greenhouse gas abbrev. GHG is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of. Oxidation of methane to CO2, which requires reactions with the OH radical, produces an instantaneous reduction in radiative absorption and emission since CO2 is a weaker greenhouse gas than methane, although CO2 has a longer lifetime. As described below this is not the whole story, since the oxidations of CO and CH4 are intertwined by both consuming OH radicals. In any case, the calculation of the total radiative effect needs to include both the direct and indirect forcing. A second type of indirect effect happens when chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving these gases change the concentrations of greenhouse gases. Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf' title='Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf' />For example, the destruction of non methane volatile organic compounds NMVOCs in the atmosphere can produce ozone. The size of the indirect effect can depend strongly on where and when the gas is emitted. Methane has a number of indirect effects in addition to forming CO2. First, the main chemical that reacts with methane in the atmosphere is the hydroxyl radical OH, thus more methane means that the concentration of OH goes down. Effectively, methane increases its own atmospheric lifetime and therefore its overall radiative effect. The second effect is that the oxidation of methane can produce ozone. Third, as well as making CO2, the oxidation of methane produces water this is a major source of water vapor in the stratosphere, which is otherwise very dry. CO and NMVOCs also produce CO2 when they are oxidized. They remove OH from the atmosphere, and this leads to higher concentrations of methane. The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO2. The same process that converts NMVOCs to carbon dioxide can also lead to the formation of tropospheric ozone. Halocarbons have an indirect effect because they destroy stratospheric ozone. Finally, hydrogen can lead to ozone production and CH4 increases as well as producing water vapor in the stratosphere. Contribution of clouds to Earths greenhouse effecteditThe major non gas contributor to Earths greenhouse effect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the greenhouse gases. Clouds are water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Impacts on the overall greenhouse effectedit. Schmidt et al. 2. They estimated that water vapor accounts for about 5. Earths greenhouse effect, with clouds contributing 2. In the study, the reference model atmosphere is for 1. Actuellement, Bosch fait partie des trois grands quipementiers automobile mondiaux. En 2012, il employait 306 000 employs dont environ 40 en Allemagne et moins. Publications. You can download annual reports from 1977 to 2016 as PDF files here. General Motors Company, commonly known as GM, is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, that designs, manufactures, markets, and. Image credit NASA. The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas, its abundance, and any indirect effects it may cause. For example, the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 8. On the other hand, in addition to its direct radiative impact, methane has a large, indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation. Shindell et al. 2. When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect, the most important are 1. Compound. Formula. Concentration inatmosphere2. ContributionWater vapor and clouds. Download Game Tokyo Nights Free For Java on this page. Bosch_Composition.svg/1024px-Bosch_Composition.svg.png' alt='Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf' title='Robert Bosch Annual Report 2012 Pdf' />H2. O1. 05. 0,0. A3. 67. Carbon dioxide. CO24. Methane. CH41. 8. Ozone. O3. 28B37  notes A Water vapor strongly varies locally2. B The concentration in stratosphere. About 9. 0 of the ozone in Earths atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. In addition to the main greenhouse gases listed above, other greenhouse gases include sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons see IPCC list of greenhouse gases.